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Basic data
Georgia O'Keeffe was one of the most important American artists of the 20th century, best known for her large-format, abstract depictions of flowers and desert landscapes.
- Name: Georgia O'Keeffe
- Date of birth: November 15, 1887
- Place of birth: Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, USA
- Date of death: March 6, 1986
- Place of death: Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
- Nationality: American
- Art style: Abstract Realism, Modernism
- Known works: “Jimson Weed”, “Black Iris”, “Red Canna”
- Techniques: Painting
- Influences: Landscapes of New Mexico, Modern Art, Photography (Alfred Stieglitz)
- Exhibitions: Exhibitions at MoMA, Whitney Museum, Georgia O'Keeffe Museum
- Special features: Pioneer of modern American art, known for her abstracted natural form
Georgia O'Keeffe left behind an artistic legacy that combines nature and abstraction in powerful images.
Biography
Childhood & youth
Georgia Totto O'Keeffe was born on a farm in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, on November 15, 1887. She grew up in a large family where education and hard work were highly valued. Even as a child, O'Keeffe showed a strong artistic inclination. It is above all the rural environment of Wisconsin that shapes her early connection to nature and will later manifest itself as a central theme in her art.
After high school, O'Keeffe attended various art schools, including the Art Institute of Chicago and the Art Students League in New York. There she received a classical artistic education, but soon concentrated on experimenting and finding her own form of artistic expression. A key moment in her development came in 1912, when she took courses with art teacher Arthur Wesley Dow at Columbia College in South Carolina. Dow encouraged O'Keeffe to question conventional academic techniques and instead see art as a means of personal expression. This approach changed her view of art and led her in a radically new direction.
The early career and the encounter with Alfred Stieglitz
In the early 1910s, O'Keeffe experimented with abstraction. She began to move away from traditional, realistic depictions and concentrate more on forms, colors and compositions that reflected her inner feelings. Her series of abstract charcoal drawings in particular, which she created in 1915, show her growing independence from traditional painting. These works mark the beginning of her personal style, which is characterized by abstraction, clear forms and an intense engagement with nature.
O'Keeffe's life took a decisive turn when the photographer and gallery owner Alfred Stieglitz exhibited some of her works in 1916 without her knowing about it. Stieglitz, a key figure in modern art in New York, was immediately fascinated by O'Keeffe's innovative approach and recognized her extraordinary talent. Not only an artistic but also a personal relationship developed between the two, which soon led to a deep love affair. They married in 1924, and Stieglitz would play an important role in furthering O'Keeffe's career in the decades to come.
New York and the flower paintings
In the 1920s, Georgia O'Keeffe established herself as one of the leading artists of American modernism. She and Stieglitz lived in New York, where she was well connected in his circle of photographers, painters and intellectuals. During this time, she created some of her most iconic works, in particular her large-format flower paintings, which made her famous. Works such as White Iris (1930) and Red Canna (1924) show oversized, detailed depictions of flowers that are both abstract and sensual.
These flower paintings, which were often interpreted as a symbol of female sexuality, sparked fierce debate in the art world. Although O'Keeffe rejects such interpretations, the fascination with the sensual and intimate quality of her paintings remains. She herself describes her flowers as attempts to depict the beauty and richness of nature in a way that encourages the viewer to look more closely. Her work during this period demonstrates her ability to transform the everyday into something monumental and timeless.
Fascination for the Southwest and the landscapes of New Mexico
Another important phase in O'Keeffe's life and work began at the end of the 1920s, when she discovered the American Southwest for herself. She traveled to New Mexico for the first time in 1929. Deeply impressed by the vast, barren landscape, the intense colors and the strong light, she spent more time there in the 1930s and made the landscape of the Southwest a central theme in her art.
During this period, she created some of her most famous landscape paintings, including the mountains and deserts of New Mexico, as well as depictions of animal bones and skulls she found in the area. Works such as Ram's Head, White Hollyhock-Hills (1935) and Cow's Skull: Red, White, and Blue (1931) reflect her fascination with the symbolism of death and the beauty of emptiness. These works are both abstract and realistic. They demonstrate O'Keeffe's unique understanding of the relationship between nature and symbolism.
New Mexico becomes not only a recurring motif in her art, but also her second home. After Stieglitz's death in 1946, she moved there permanently, buying a remote house in the Abiquiú desert. The light, the shapes of the mountains and the vastness of the landscape inspired her until the end of her life.
Later years and late recognition
In the 1950s and 1960s, O'Keeffe experienced growing recognition as a pioneer of modern art. She became an icon for emerging artists and creators, especially women looking for role models in the male-dominated art world. Her work is exhibited in major museums and she receives numerous awards and honors.
In the last two decades of her life, O'Keeffe's eyesight deteriorated due to a degenerative eye disease and she was no longer able to paint as she used to. Nevertheless, she remains creative and works on new projects with the help of assistants, including her series of sky paintings. Despite her physical limitations, O'Keeffe retained her unbroken artistic spirit until her death in 1986.
Legacy and influence
Georgia O'Keeffe died on March 6, 1986 at the age of 98. She leaves behind an artistic legacy that has had a lasting impact on American art. Her paintings and works, which create an unmistakable connection between abstraction and the sensual depiction of nature, have inspired generations of artists. O'Keeffe is celebrated not only as one of the greatest American painters of the 20th century, but also as a role model for women in the art world.
It is particularly O'Keeffe's bold, direct depiction of form and her engagement with the nature of the American Southwest that make her a unique voice in modern art. Her legacy lives on in museums around the world, and the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which opened in 1997, is a major center for the preservation and study of her life and work.
Exhibitions
- 10.05.2023 – 23.07.2023 Georgia O'Keeffe. Photographer – Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, OH.
- 17.10.2021 – 17.01.2022 Georgia O'Keeffe. Photographer – Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX.
- 06.07.2016 – 30.10.2016 Georgia O'Keeffe - Tate Modern, London.
- 08.02.2002 – 20.05.2002 O'Keeffe's O'Keeffes – Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebæk.
Awards
- 1966 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
- 1977 Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Gerald Ford, the highest civilian award in the USA.
- 1985 National Medal of Arts, awarded for O'Keeffe's extraordinary contribution to the arts.
Films
- Georgia O'Keeffe, Biopic, Bob Balaban, 89 Min, USA 2009.
- Georgia O’Keeffe: Painter of the Far West, Documentary, Evelyn Schels, 52 Min, ARTE, France 2021.
Literature
- Georgia O’Keeffe. Gemälde, Jula Dech, Munich 2024.
- Georgia O’Keeffe. Sehen braucht Zeit, Samantha Friedmann, Berlin 2023.
- Georgia O’Keeffe. 1887-1986. Blumen in der Wüste, Britta Benke, Cologne 2017.
Collections
USA
- New York - The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
- Washington D.C. - National Gallery of Art
- Chicago – Art Institute of Chicago
- Santa Fe – Georgia O'Keeffe Museum
Germany
- Berlin – Neue Nationalgalerie
- Munich – Pinakothek der Moderne
Weblinks
- Official Website of the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum
