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Basic data
Ellsworth Kelly was an American artist known for his minimalist, abstract paintings and sculptures, which often feature large, monochromatic surfaces and clear forms.
- Name: Ellsworth Kelly
- Date of birth: May 31, 1923
- Place of birth: Newburgh, New York, USA
- Date of death: December 27, 2015
- Place of death: Spencertown, New York, USA
- Nationality: American
- Art style: Minimalism, Abstract Realism
- Known works: “Colors for a Large Wall”, “Blue Red Green”, “Austin”
- Techniques: Painting, sculpture, printmaking
- Influences: Abstract Expressionism, Piet Mondrian, Henri Matisse
- Similar artists: Jasper Johns, Robert Indiana, Yves Klein
- Exhibitions: MoMA, Guggenheim, Tate Modern
- Special features: Known for his use of large, monochromatic surfaces and geometric shapes
Ellsworth Kelly's work shaped modern abstract art and inspired generations of artists.
Biography
Childhood & youth
Ellsworth Kelly was born on May 31, 1923 in Newburgh, New York. He developed an interest in nature at a young age and showed a passion for observing birds, plants and landscapes, which would later play an important role in his artistic work. His parents, who supported him in his love of art, encouraged him to study art. After high school, Kelly began studying at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn in 1941, where he concentrated on industrial and applied art.
However, Kelly's artistic development was interrupted by the Second World War. In 1943, the artist was drafted into the army and served in a secret unit of the Ghost Army, which operated as a deception unit during the war and simulated false troop movements. His experiences in this visual and conceptual unit sharpened his awareness of camouflage, patterns and deception, themes that would later be reflected in his art.
Early artistic development and the time in Paris
After the war, Kelly returned to the USA and resumed his art studies at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. In 1948, with a G.I. scholarship, he moved to Paris, where he lived for the next six years. His stay in Paris marked a turning point in Kelly's artistic development. In the French capital, he was influenced by European modern movements, including surrealism and geometric abstraction. The works of artists such as Henri Matisse, Jean Arp and Constantin Brâncuși had a lasting influence on the artist and encouraged him in his pursuit of simplicity, form and color.
In Paris, Kelly continued to develop his characteristic style. He was influenced by the architecture, plants and everyday surroundings of the city. He was particularly inspired by the abstract forms and colors of Romanesque church windows and Constructivism. Kelly began to experiment with abstract compositions and reduced his works to simple shapes and flat areas of color. This led to his first series of “color fields”, which soon became his trademark.
Return to New York and the breakthrough
Ellsworth Kelly returned to New York in 1954 to establish himself in the city's up-and-coming art scene. At this time, Abstract Expressionism dominated the American art scene with artists such as Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning. Kelly's work, however, differs radically from this expressive style of painting. Instead of gestural brushstrokes and emotional intensity, Kelly focused on formal stringency, clear lines and luminous areas of color.
Kelly's breakthrough came in 1956 with his first solo exhibition at the Betty Parsons Gallery in New York. This exhibition quickly made him a key figure in American hard-edge painting, a style of abstraction characterized by sharp contours and precise geometric forms. Works such as Colors for a Large Wall (1951) and Blue Green Yellow Orange Red (1966) demonstrate Kelly's ability to create intense visual effects with just a few elements.
Ellsworth Kelly is best known for his large-format paintings, which consist exclusively of pure areas of color. His works are often monumental and have an impact through their simplicity and precision. Kelly deals intensively with the relationship between form and color and concentrates on the visual effect of contrasts and symmetries. This concentration on the essentials makes him an important representative of Minimal Art, even if he himself rejects this term and describes his works as a celebration of color and form.
Minimalism and the exploration of abstraction
In the 1960s, Kelly consolidated his reputation as one of the leading American painters and sculptors. He continued his exploration of form and color in various media, expanding his work to include large-scale sculptures that brought his principles of abstraction into space. Works such as White Curve (1974) and Curve XXIII (1981) demonstrate his ability to transform abstract forms into monumentality and three-dimensionality.
Another key work of this period is his series of “Shaped Canvases”, in which Kelly experiments not only with color but also with the shape of the canvas. These works break with the traditional rectangular form of the painting and create a new visual dynamic where the shape of the canvas itself becomes the art. This expansion of his practice demonstrates Kelly's continued curiosity and quest to push the traditional boundaries of painting.
Kelly's paintings and works are characterized by their clarity, elegance and focus on the essential. The absence of gestural painting and narrative elements in his works creates a pure, almost meditative experience for the viewer. Kelly describes his art as a “visual response” to the world that draws its inspiration from nature and architecture, but is reduced to its essential elements through radical simplification.
Later years: monumental works and public art
In the 1970s and 1980s, Kelly increasingly devoted himself to public art and created some of his best-known monumental sculptures for public spaces and museums. His works for large public installations in particular demonstrate his ability to combine architecture and art. Works such as Sculpture for a Large Wall (1957) and Austin (2015), a large chapel project, show how Kelly takes his principles of abstraction to a new dimension.
In the late 1990s and until his death, Kelly remained prolific, creating works that continued to develop his artistic vision of abstraction and color. He received numerous honors and awards, including the National Medal of Arts and a retrospective at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, recognizing his outstanding contribution to American art.
Legacy and influence
Ellsworth Kelly died on December 27, 2015 at the age of 92 in Spencertown, New York. Kelly is considered one of the most important artists of the 20th century and had a lasting influence on American art with his radical reduction of form and color. His works are represented in the world's most important museums, including the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York and the Tate Modern in London.
Kelly's ability to combine simple shapes and colors into a powerful visual experience has had a significant influence on minimal art and hard-edge painting. His work invites the viewer to experience the beauty and power of pure color and form, without narrative or symbolic interpretation. For Kelly, art is an experience of seeing - an invitation to perceive the world in its essence.
Exhibitions
- 01.11.2015 – 01.02.2016 Ellsworth Kelly. Last Works – Blanton Museum of Art, Austin.
- 17.05.2013 – 07.09.2014 Ellsworth Kelly. At Ninety – The Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia.
- 29.05.1996 – 15.09.1996 Ellsworth Kelly. A Retrospective – Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.
- 05.07.1973 – 10.09.1973 Ellsworth Kelly – The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York.
Awards
- 1987 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
- 2007 National Medal of Arts, awarded by President George W. Bush for his outstanding contribution to the arts.
- 2013 Awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government for his services to the arts.
Films
- Ellsworth Kelly. Fragments, Documentary Film, Edgar B. Howard, 65 Min, USA 2007.
- Ellsworth Kelly. Black and White, Documentary, 30 Min, USA 1996.
Literature
- Ellsworth Kelly. Black & White, Ulrich Wilkes, Ostfildern 2011.
- Ellsworth Kelly. Thumbing through the folder. A dialog on art and architecture with Hans Ulrich Obrist, Ellsworth Kelly, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Köln 2009.
- Ellsworth Kelly. Zwischen-Räume. Werke 1956 - 2002, Delia Ciuha, Ostfildern 2002.
Collections
USA
- New York - The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA)
- Washington D.C. - National Gallery of Art
- Los Angeles - Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)
- Dallas – Dallas Museum of Art
France
- Paris – Centre Pompidou
- Paris – Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris
Germany
- Berlin – Neue Nationalgalerie
- Cologne – Museum Ludwig
Weblinks
- Official Website of the Ellsworth Kelly Foundation
